Predictors of post caesarean section surgical site infection and referral pattern for caesarean section in a tribal dominant and resource constraint tertiary level health care Center of Central India

Abstract

Abstract Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication post-caesarean section, causing risks such as antibiotic resistance, prolonged hospital stay, increased costs, maternal sepsis and even death. While SSI rates in India have declined by the initiative under the National Health Mission, they remain high in resource-constrained, tribal-dominant areas like Shahdol. This study estimates SSI incidence, identifies predictors, and analysed referral patterns at Medical College, Shahdol, India. Methods From May to July 2023, Pregnant women requiring caesarean section were invited to participate (estimated sample size: 224). They were followed until 30 days post- caesarean section or SSI development, whichever came earlier. The ‘event’ was the first SSI report, and ‘censoring’ included those without SSI or lost to follow-up. A heatmap visualized referral patterns by healthcare centers and duty hours for common caesarean section indications. Probability of SSI risk by different factors were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, with survival curves compared via log-rank test. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using a multivariable Cox regression model. Result The SSI rate was 13.4%, with an incidence of 4.82 episodes per 1000 women-days. Significant predictors included caesarean section duration < 30 min (p = 0.03) and subcutaneous skin closure (p = 0.04). Pregnant women from Shahdol (aHR = 1.38), Umaria (aHR = 1.10), and other districts (aHR = 2.35) had higher SSI risk than those from Anuppur. Each additional minute in completion of caesarean section reduced SSI risk by 3% (aHR = 0.97; p = 0.045). Conclusion The high SSI incidence in this setting resulted from an erratic and largely irrational referral system, straining limited healthcare staff to perform disproportionately high caesarean section, especially at night, without adequate septic precautions. Strengthening infection control, post-operative surveillance, and community-based follow-up may significantly reduce SSI.

Keywords

• Risk of post caesarean section surgical site infection
• Referral pattern
• Resource constraint tertiary level health care Center
• Tribal dominant setting
• Kaplan Meier analysis