The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2025)
The ALMA-ATOMS Survey: Exploring Protostellar Outflows in HC3N
- Ariful Hoque,
- Tapas Baug,
- Lokesh K. Dewangan,
- Mika Juvela,
- Anandmayee Tej,
- Paul F. Goldsmith,
- Pablo García,
- Amelia M. Stutz,
- Tie Liu,
- Chang Won Lee,
- Fengwei Xu,
- Patricio Sanhueza,
- N. K. Bhadari,
- K. Tatematsu,
- Xunchuan Liu,
- Hong-Li Liu,
- Yong Zhang,
- Xindi Tang,
- Guido Garay,
- Ke Wang,
- Siju Zhang,
- L. Viktor Tóth,
- Hafiz Nazeer,
- Jihye Hwang,
- Prasanta Gorai,
- Leonardo Bronfman,
- Swagat Ranjan Das,
- Tirthendu Sinha
Affiliations
- Ariful Hoque
- ORCiD
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India ; [email protected]
- Tapas Baug
- ORCiD
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India ; [email protected]
- Lokesh K. Dewangan
- ORCiD
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Mika Juvela
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI- 00014, University of Helsinki , Finland
- Anandmayee Tej
- ORCiD
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram 695 547, Kerala, India
- Paul F. Goldsmith
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Pablo García
- ORCiD
- Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy , National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte , Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
- Amelia M. Stutz
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
- Tie Liu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Chang Won Lee
- ORCiD
- University of Science and Technology , Korea (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Fengwei Xu
- ORCiD
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Patricio Sanhueza
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- N. K. Bhadari
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- K. Tatematsu
- ORCiD
- Nobeyama Radio Observatory , National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Nobeyama, Minamimaki, Minamisaku, Nagano 384-1305, Japan; Astronomical Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Xunchuan Liu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Hong-Li Liu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Yong Zhang
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University , 2 Daxue Road, Tangjia, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Xindi Tang
- ORCiD
- XingJiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China
- Guido Garay
- ORCiD
- Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy , National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7550000 Santiago, Chile
- Ke Wang
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Siju Zhang
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7591245 Santiago, Chile
- L. Viktor Tóth
- ORCiD
- University of Debrecen , Institute of Physics, H-4032 Debrecen, Bem tér 1., Hungary; Eotvos Lorand University , Department of Astronomy, H-1117 Budapest, Pazmany P. s. 1/a, Hungary
- Hafiz Nazeer
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram 695 547, Kerala, India
- Jihye Hwang
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Prasanta Gorai
- ORCiD
- Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Leonardo Bronfman
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7550000 Santiago, Chile
- Swagat Ranjan Das
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7550000 Santiago, Chile
- Tirthendu Sinha
- ORCiD
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India ; [email protected]
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add928
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 987,
no. 2
p. 197
Abstract
We present the first systematic study of bipolar outflows using HC _3 N as a tracer in a sample of 146 massive star-forming regions from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming Regions (ATOMS) survey. Protostellar outflows arise at the initial stage of star formation as a consequence of active accretion. In general, these outflows play a pivotal role in regulating the star formation processes by injecting energetic material in the parent molecular clouds. In this process, lower velocity components of outflows contain a significant portion of the energy. However, extraction of these components is difficult because the corresponding gas is often mixed with that of the ambient cloud. In our sample, we identified 44 bipolar outflows and one explosive outflow in HC _3 N ( J = 11–10). The host clumps of these outflows are found to be at different evolutionary stages, suggesting that outflows in HC _3 N are detectable in different stages of star formation. In addition, the noncorrelation of HC _3 N outflows with clump evolutionary stages suggests that HC _3 N is an unbiased tracer of outflows. Analyses revealed that HC _3 N performs slightly better in detecting low-velocity components of outflows than traditionally employed tracers such as SiO. The derived outflow parameters (i.e., outflow mass, momentum, and energy) show moderate correlations with clump mass and luminosity. Our analysis of outflow opening angles and position–velocity diagrams across the outflow lobes show that, HC _3 N is not only a good tracer of low-velocity outflows but can also detect high-velocity collimated outflows. Overall, this study indicates that HC _3 N can be used as a complementary outflow tracer along with the traditionally known outflow tracers, particularly in the detection of the low-velocity components of outflows.
Keywords
