METHODS IN DETERMINING NEW HIJRI MONTH: A THEMATIC REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

Discussions on determining the start of the new Hijri month have persisted for centuries, shaping not only scholarly discourse but also national governance and religious cohesion. These debates often lead to divisions as different methods for establishing the Hijri date are advocated. This paper provides a thematic review of the key arguments between two primary positions: those who adhere strictly to lunar crescent sighting and reject astronomical calculations, and those who support a combined approach. The review examines three central hadith-based concepts: the definition of "sighting", the implications of istikmāl and faqdurūlah, and the interpretation of ummi. By engaging with the views of scholars such as al-Albani, Qaradawi, and others, this study presents a broad analysis that reflects the diversity of opinions in Islamic jurisprudence. The research is based on a systematic review of relevant literature, sourced primarily from Google Scholar due to the limited availability of these discussions in more widely indexed databases. The findings highlight the strength of arguments on both sides, emphasizing the complexity of the issue. While many existing studies tend to favor a particular stance—either an exclusive reliance on visual sighting or the adoption of astronomical calculations—this study takes a neutral and comprehensive approach. By presenting both perspectives objectively, it fills a gap in the literature, where discussions often lean toward one viewpoint. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on Hijri calendar determination by providing a balanced reference for policymakers, researchers, and scholars working toward a more consistent and widely accepted framework. The review underscores the need for continued dialogue and research, particularly in addressing the varied contexts of the global Muslim community. In doing so, it aims to support a more inclusive and informed approach to Hijri calendar determination, integrating both traditional methods and modern advancements.

Keywords

• Hijri month
• determination
• lunar crescent sighting
• astronomical calculation
• lunar crescent visibility criterion
• thematic review