The Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Women's Reproductive Health: A Review

Abstract

Introduction: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were originally intended for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, they quickly proved to be effective in weight reduction and became an option for obesity therapy. A large group of patients using GLP-1RAs are women of reproductive age struggling with obesity, PCOS, or type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the safety of these substances in pregnancy and their influence on fertility, fetal health, and lactation remains unclear. Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to assess the effects of GLP-1RAs on women's reproductive health, particularly on fertility, pregnancy outcomes, teratogenicity, lactation, IVF procedures, PCOS, and sexual function. The review aims to identify both potential benefits and risks associated with GLP-1RAs therapy in women. Materials and methods: This narrative review was conducted using PubMed and PMC databases with the following search terms: ‘’GLP-1 receptor agonists’’, ‘’GLP-1RAs gynaecology’’, ‘’GLP-1RAs pregnancy’’, ‘’GLP-1RAs fertility’’. Conclusion: Available data suggest that GLP-1RAs may improve fertility in women, especially in patients with PCOS, by reducing body weight and improving metabolic profile. The insufficient evidence for the safe use of these drugs in pregnancy and reports of teratogenic effects in animals encourage caution. It is recommended to use effective contraception during therapy with GLP-1RAs and to discontinue these drugs several weeks before pregnancy. Further studies are necessary to determine the long-term effects of GLP-1RAs and to formulate treatment guidelines for women of reproductive age.

Keywords

• GLP-1
• GLP-1 receptor agonists
• semaglutide
• fertility
• pregnancy
• lactation